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vSrv u{zS (A}zS): `SSCm} Xvr{ <ShHv wMjS _ZyS} 95 yiM} wS At~ wSvySjS} tSAv P}SMo ry <ShHv _Z wMjS} wSr cM}AiM~v }SySSt} cS~Hh}q Pv YtMr Pv` M~a Pv wA}hMZ wA}Ahr rS>}S AwrS h4cS Pv SsSMt PwM {S 19 yi} yM xA}tw} PsMc cS{SdS _MAiM~v wMs H{ {Sv vSM{ |SS PtMd AvMj} vS{ ytM~ H{ cM} Pvv PtyHtv cM} Y} AxM} |Sv Av rS>} PiM~} Y{M~ 1907 PsMcZ XM{} wM}SMvS tZ teSwjS} wSr <s{Cm rS>} AvMj} ySA} Xv wMjS} hvS  X{ySH }jvHcS PhRuA}} PtaS jA{Mr PdSMv cS~Hh}qySy} \MtSMeZ KrA}  A}zS dSrS-c~M{ 1915 SM~ A}zS} wMjS cT _Cm vSrv uM{SSAvH zS} wMjS vSM{ wA}Ahr ySAc jS>cj{c _AM SAxc a u{H w}D}S yjS P}Md {Sry2vS Az Y}a ySM {Aq~S~ wAMr} wMjS c}S PtdMr _Z A}zS} hvS PsMcZ rS>}S y w}D}S wMjS cM} YMiv A}zS} nSc} KrA}} PMa 95 yi} uM} tSA }MMi _cZ wA}ySM}} \wM} <Ar{S} d}h Pc PtMyv rS AvM hM~ SSSD <ArM|SAerS

`ZSSAm} `Ar, AydSr PvySA} wMjS Hyr _rt|M~} yMhM wM}SMvS _Z wMjS ry wq cM} 101 yiM} wyS} csS _Z yiM}

\jSvySjS} ySM}SSA}: 120 yiM}} wMjS XMS{ }SjS}S _Z wMjS cT cM}AiM~v y{H }SjS} SvS X{ }Sj rdv AzMmiSS }SjwSm yS>hSMr XMS{ |y}Sj fvcS A 1821 SM~ }q AvM~v PtyH teS} `SSCmMr PZ <s{ XMS{}SjS} teSwjS XMS{ td~ cM}Z S vAv cyS\ yM} { }SjS y{S}Sj ySAetS\ w}yrH AvSvS ySvSv yS~SMc Pr{v wSS PtvAv PyAvS Z ZAS PcSDSAvMc PdSMvZ AMMy z~ ~o Y{SM} ZM}j ySAvH} S>SA Y{Mq w}SAjr M~v y{H}Sj X{ iSMr ~ 1826 SM~ ZM}j a y{S} {Mu ZS2Sy} hA  XM{} {SA~cSvS hM~ |S ACmM} SMr <S 600 yiM}} XMS{ }Sjr P  XMS{}SMj} teS wjS Ac h~MrZ sSMc

]wM} wSM \{Sv2Mc S{Mv P}Md 1888 S~ w| wMjS hSA~M |Sv }SjS}SZ Ac _}w} }SjrM} wrMv} M M }SjMcSMa mSv wM PM{ wMjS y aS} \w{ M~ <jS}SZ wMjS} zS} SMr rM~ Pvv _ZzSMy }SjS} wMjS <jS} wMjS LwSA}r ~ |S _dv \jSvySjS} ySM}SSA} wMjS vSM{ wA}Ahr 1930 SM~ P}M~} PsMc AcMv PvaS jA{Mr {A2} aMn SAxc Av{-AvS wMjS  _dSMv

xSAySjS} ySM}SSA}: 1932 SM~ yySH cb nSc} Cnc c}M~v teSS wMjS c}Myv rS>} zS~ vS{ cbAyS}H yM2SwSuS yS>Y|M yS{Mv} wMjS} Kync y~ X rrHSMr Cnc M~S _cS cbnSc} vv, SvH yySH}Sa wMjS} zS} zSe cM} PvMyv cO AvM~v Xr~ yS>Y|M Y} {~ wMjS} wM}SAr AMMy _M~v y}bv eMSwSuS tHw}ySy jSvSv, _Z wMjS <s{yS} MAi~ Y}__v PcSDSAv} PtaS vtwSM} jA{Mr wM} rS M} |S dA~~ ySjSM} 1979 SM~ }cS} PsMcZ PjM~} wSM jA{ Pt wMjS cA{CmMc xS>A} {M|} ~SMeSS yM~ jSeSCm} vS{ Ai~ xS>A ySjS} PZ vSM{Z xS>AySjS} ySM}SSA}} vS{ M |S wM} {AvSA} PtScSMv} w}S yA$} M M xS>AySjS} vS{ wS~Mm P~Sc{Md xSAySjS} M AeMMi wMjS}a vS{ _dv xSAySjS} ySM}SSA} KrA} MMi {A2} rMy nSc} Ac PZ SMyAc, oSMc} SMj}Z }M AeMMi

eMq`A ySM}SSSA}: M}} <SqMcM4 66 yiM}} wMjS pSc-PpS-cS>M} <AryS} XS} {Sr cM} }SjySA} XStM~ {w vSrv u{zSMy} <Arx~v <Ar{S v} M SArc <ArM|SAerS <ArAtv cMc SjS} {SvM} {Mu PzSe Ayr}q

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SMy} <yHv t c{S} PMv} cSi PsMc jSvS Pe~, 1881 SM~ _Y}Cm PcSDSAv P}~ ~SZv KrA}} cSj cT cM} _dSMv aZ { M}~ PcSDSAv} cSMj SAwM}} yd {Sv _M AoeM fS>Cm eSMv Xy} {M rS>}S vSmc-wS~SeSv AvM P{Mr sScMrv aZ _~ScS} {Sva AiM~v vSmc wSe~ jSeS} vS{Z M Pe~ AsMmS} wSS {Suy }SjMdSS vSM{ SvH vSmM<{H _c yA vSmMc} YdS eMr jA{ AtMAiM~v eM aMn XSM{hS} AsMCcS~ ZvBCm\m ZAS SMy} tSAy, PdSMvZ 1882 SM~ AoeM} <s{ teSwMjS} cT Ac <Ar{S eS} SvH cSA}e} PcSsS? rSZ yi}-yi} c~cSrS PsMc jSSMj cM} nSc} YvS r 1906 SM~ <y~ yC-yvS jSSj y M |S c{crSMt} {SsS Sr PZ{ SjSA}~S~ <S{SAqc a Xv c{crSMt} VH}S S cM} A$S AvM~v, rS>}SZ ySvSMyv <Ar{S XwmJ Sr Y} <Sqz}S AvS AvM cSj cT ~ Ac {SCm P| cMcS vS _Y}Cm PcSDSAv c~S At~ hS}uSM} eveMv Y>h PsM~ <Ar{S cMcSMvS ~ _{v Y}a cr eO AoeM} wMjS} M jAM Y}a _cCm wM}SMvS 113 yiM}} wMjS  SS{ ySjS} ArvcAvS _Z wMjS} {u{Aq 103 yiM}} wST~ {j{tS} 1924 SM~ y\ M YS wST~MtyH XM{} <yHqr{S wMjS \MtSSMt} _cjv aSvtSAvH {A2M}} wMjSa 74 yiM} wS PtMy

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w }SZMoSAgZS t~ ({A2}) a M}Sy}
c~SMdSZSZ sScS }SZMoSAgZS tM~} AyM, {A2M}} \rS 45 xm Ac1 eze 150 xm YMe 24Am {Ar sScM~a _dv _dSMv 14Am {Ar YMi SeMta <{ A rS<} PySMv} AyMZMr }SZMoSAgZS yYZSMc _Z {A2} a tHAf P|Rrc Ptv
w AoeY PsMcZ PtMd Yv wAsyH} <ShHvr{ hS~ Kr~dAv a PSuvSeS} AoeyZ hS-ySeSv a vH~ wSSMY} Pt AoeyMZ AAm cy}dSvS a e \tSv YMi
w Ao-ZMdSS jSrH \tSv fM} PtMd AvMr wSM}v Aoe a ArvAcS Pj~S A{A~M <S 340 ye AcM~SA{mS} _~ScS} _Z \tSMv \o oSc, SAr, AhrS, G}, j~ P{S, P}c}c{ wSAd a Sw wSMyv

YUSvS
c{, Sv}SZj, P{SvSA~S, A~m~ wSM~, PtAycS A}MjA PSMm~

ArvAcS

{mc }SjSMt} }Sj Ai~ _dSMv XM{} P H{S yMhM wM}SMvS 1901 SM~ cT aS PeS~Swh4-}AyhM4} wMjS _}w} 1907 SM~} P}~aM wMjS A{Ar rrH wM}SMvS wMjS yH teSwjS A{Ar} _dv yMhM y wMjS {SMSSA} teSwjS A{Ar

YMwSM
ySv2 A _~ScS jMY yd wc} PdS<MYv
w YMi hS~MuSZ wdA}
w ct{Aq wdA}
w tS uSTZS
w {uZS
w ym}
w PtyH
w LwSH wdA}
w AjM}S wMZ*
w AtA wSmcSZ X}q
w Ao ZAcZS
w ArA~S {A2}

{A}eS>aM} wMjS

Pj~S} yMhM wM}SMvS wMjS 87 yiM}} jS~`Cm SyjvHv AmZS }SjSMt} }Sj Ai~ _dSMv }SjS _dva YMiv

YMwSM
w PtdMr wSM}v {SZ-_} |St S{ _dSMv cM~Z |StAytS jSMvv yM~ AyS {Sj hS~Sv P{MZ}S {SvMc vSAc cc}, d}MeS ySAvMZ AtMr wSM}v {0yM~
w wAyr}S XzZS}q wSMyv eS}, ySZv, AhrS, zS~c, AMzm a <SZ 200 <jSAr} wSAd
w cShSA~S
w PtaSM~} ySAcH Y{ (SvHZ AyS, _dSMvZ HrSMc P}Md |Sv ~9q)
w HrSjSdS~S
w Ayc

AySe}

hcSxS a SeMtaMt} {MZ YMS{ }SMj} }SjuSvH AySeM} yMhMZ wM}SMvS wMjS yY wdA}} wSMY 300 yiM}} PtyH tM~} wMjS

YMwSM
w YMS{}SjM} TAr yaZS AySeM} PtMd Avv hYSZMtaMZ} Aw}SA{Mo} uS<Mh }SjSMt} {SAu~
w }f}
w r~Sr~ f}
w cSM}fM}} }SjySAY
_AZS} y{ cOA{ M}Sy} jZ Se}

w jZ PtS~
w yY wdA}} wSMY zS}Mr} \r{ Ay{A2} AyMtS~, PtyHMtS~ a AyXPtS~, eYeS<a
w YjSv wHM}} t}eS
w AtMdR vtH} \wM} AAm Y{M~} dM~ |SaZS Pr
w AySeM}} yS< wSM vSeS~SM} vH~ wSSYMqH

uyAY

ryi} wS} c}S wMjS ~ uyAY A}zS, tySAY, yeAYySAY {S{SZS uSM{} wMjS XyZ PtdMr |Sv <{Ms yYZS} PeR}Hw} }SjySAY} wMjS _iSYS PeR}HwM} AtySAY S]qwSYS} wMjS 300 yi} wS} cM}Mi S~whS jA{tS} wA}yS} vyHvh4 yYZS} ySAY} wMjS 150 yiM}} wMjS yS~SMtM} H{S _~ScS _Am

YMwSM
w yAe}ySAY {S{SZS uS{ a ^Sv fSm
w }SgS{SAm {Ajt
w PreySSt} SAy
w wS<hwHM}} t}eS
w S~chS }SjySAY
w PeR}Hw} }SjySAY
w iS~
w hA~S XzZS}v
w Ay~SAwSYS P?SA}cS~ eSMov
w LwA Ay{Svy2}
w Aim{~
w ]w a Py cMZcAm h}

ySZeS<a
w P|SeHMfSwS} `S {A2}
w ySMf}H {A2}
w }Mty 
w XzZSw}H} eMq {A2M}} )SyM
w cSMcSZjvS A}jSz xM}
w ~S~{SAm t}S{SA} {A2}
w }c cSm Pcz

|SrSZSr
w PcShAyS} PsMc 92 AcM~SA{mS}, `ZSSAm PsMc 295 AcM~SA{mS} P|Mr M~ ySZ SZ
w ]wM} hM} PvRcSZ |SaZS |SZ
w uyAY PsMc 124 AcM~SA{mS} ySZeS<a

YUSvS
w sScS} PSMm~ y yS SM} cSMiZ wSMyv iZ-SrAm
w YMi <SA mA} ~j

P|S}Sm

_c{Z XM{} }SjuSvH P|S}Sm vtH} tZ wSM} {SMi} Sm a PhRAcSm yr, PZ PsMc _{v vS{ yMhMZ wM}SMvS wMjS Z yYZS ySAYMr yZ <SZ 300 yi} _iSYS P|S}Sm AsMZmS} M~} wMjSa <SZ _c yiM}} wM}SMvS M|S}Sm A}zS a AyhS}wAr xcMv} ySAY} wMjSa ry wS} cM}Mi

YMwSM
w P|S}Sm _M~ XyZ fM} Yv _AS} y{ vtH&Hw {SjA~
w Y\vYAm
w tAqws
w eSYS{d
w Y\AvYAm
w c{~SySAY
w PyMvSAr M }Mty a KyXyuM{} `Ar 3Sv cM} Avv
w _iSYS hS AMO} {~ Pc4 P|S}SMm YMi Pmc~SZ hS eMyqS Pc4

PtdMr wSM}v,
w PpAcZSMdSZS yYvS{f}
w ~SAhr yYxcv K{tS{
w }SjS K{tS{
w Aj{dSvS Sy-_dSMv PfSYMtRY Z
w Ps~ zyv
w yYMzAm
w PeSM}SAdZS t~
w SArf} Ay {A2} Y} XyZ
w XM{} _c{S \Nc XzZS}q Aeyv aZSZQ~SZx ShZSA}

|SrSZSr
w AvZS{Ar fSm PsMc MvRMcS PwA}MZ P|Mr My PdSMv

veS>a

veS>aM} yMhM wM}SMvS wMjS \Ac~ jSvcH PMv} wMjS 1850 SM~ veS>a mS\Mv} ALSv wCMr cT MAi~ _Z wMjS Y} _dSvcS} yMhM wM}SMvS ySM}SSA} wMjS yHqSwSAv y}eS>aM} wMjS 1859 SM~ h~S cT _Z wMjS} _}wM}Z YMi 1894 SM~} veS>a ySgSA~ AI~vH, 1898 SM~ cT aS PxRjtSA} wC teS \y A{Ar Y} 1900 SM~} XSM{S~SwC} wMjS Xy SAr{S wSSM} {SsS XMS{}Sj <{ AM} KrA} teS{A2M} 1667 S~ PsMc wMjS M rMy veS>a Ac AsM{} PtRM XMvc _AeM _dSvcS} yMhM jS>Mc} wMjS }A{v ws SyjvHv tMeSy A{Ar} Y} YMi {uw} wMjS A{Ar, PrA~SwC {S-cS~H o, y}eS>a |yc A{Ar rMy veS>aM} `Ar Ac w}SAv `tSM{} cSMn} nSc} 109 yi} YMe cSnMdStSZ AOH P~M}~S dAvc} _Z teS{Ar ySvSv PZ PsMc Y} Ayjv PtaS Av <Ar{S _ryi} uM} _cZ cSMn} teS wMjS h~Mi _dSMv

YMwSM
w _dSv PsMca P|Mr wSM}v cSAj}SgS
w }MtMy} j8~ y}MtSZS-ym(yS
w wHrHs
w 25 AcM~SA{mS} tM} ~S\MdSZS XzZS}q
w hGSyrH c
w cS{Sd (Xv) {A2}
w z}SA~ vS{f}
w PRzS{Suy {A2}

w t~S~ {Suy {A2}
w PeSwS~ {Suy {A2}
w }S
w }qsA~
w |{vS{d <Ryq
w A~SfSm
w tMyScS} YcSHeS j~<wSr
w jAe|SMv {SAm} r~S PsMc anS te
w 11 rMc} hS{S
w Ay {A2}

|SrSZSr
w _Z y SvHZ (y fM} PtdMr M~ zSYS eSAYZ AyMujvc

PeS~SfSm

{S}aZSAY yySZH}S vtH fSMm PeS~S yS ySjS} ySr PZ PsMc _Z vS{ yMhM wM}SMvS wMjS 119 yiM}} wM}SMvS PeS~SfSm wjS A{Ar Y} YMi ry <ShHv Pv P}SMo} wMjS

YMwSM
w cSAj}SgS} XMvcmSZ PeS~SfSm Pj~SZ wYMi
w _iSYS TwSsSM} vSeSjSA} dAvc} SM{ <ShHv te, {A2M}} zSyM YMi
fM} Avv,
w PtawSSY zSyM
w v{SA~eY PSuvSeS} a ~SMeSMZ cSAy Y~ wSSY, j~
w e}{wSvH \Y<Ryq
w PvMmAm Ay{A2}
w YM~ }AyMv} Ac A{\AjZS{
w ySwAm AejS

|SrSZSr
w Ajw a SAr} AwMn tZ Py~S AzrM} |SaZS |SZ _dv PAca hS~ M `ZSSAm PsMc t} 217 AcM~SA{mS}

rs: }SjHyS }Ar