wYS} É{Z ÑZMrS PtdM~ XMvc ÅM@} {SMvZ rÌA{ jSMvS vS¥ rdv <Éò PsMc,
AcØyS Å@mS cH zSMy KrA} ÑMZMi, PÉmS PdZS~ cM} ÅM@} {SMvmS Y2Sj
cM} vSa¥ wM} XAzuSv A{A~MZ PtMdS, PrS{S} XvÚ{Sv Anc Ac vS¥

vHMh _cmS XvÚMöt PtaZS Ñ~¥ PÉmS wYS} YMe PtMd vSa, P| Å@`M~S eS\ Ñ}Mx P~dS ÑMZMi, PÉ`M~S} {SMv jSMvS Ac vS¥

A tortoise is a shelled reptile famed for its slowness and longevity.The giant tortoise of the Galapagos may attain over 1.5 metres in length and have a lifespan of more than 150 years.Smaller tortoises from Southern Europe and North Africa make popular pets.They need to be tended carefully in cool climate and must have a warm place in which they can hibernate.

AciÌ ÅM@} {SMv ÑZMrS rÌA{ jSMvS vS, Ac1 <Éò PsMc, AcØyS Å@mS cH zSMy KrA} ÑMZMi, rS ~ê cM} XsñmS Y2Sj c}Mr wSM}S¥ _cmS PcRÅ~ XMvc É{MZZ dÚy cSMj ~SMe¥ PtMd vSa, Å@mS cH u}Mv} wt, {SMv AyMÅÇ© (noun), vS AyMÅÇq (adjective), vS AçZS (verb), Zr©SAt¥ wM} XAzuSv AvMZ A{A~MZ Ptd, PrS{S} Y2Sj Anc Ac vS¥ AciÌ AciÌ ÅM@} {SMv XyÅ© _ zSMy XvÚ{Sv c}S |SZ vS¥ PÉ PêM® cS\Mc AjaSÉS c}, AcØyS XAzuSv Ptd¥

XAzuSv y©yÑS} c}S} y©SwSM} _cmS csS XyÅ©Z {Mv P}SMdS¥ AciÌ _cmS wYS} É{Z <Ar {ÚÑÊMrñ XAzuSv PtMdS vS, rS ÑM~ AÅeAe}Z èSå _yØ Ay}å ÑMZ wYMy¥ wSn© AyÇZAm PySkS} jMv© P| ÅM@} {SMv vS jSvM~ hM~ vS, PÉAm PtMd vSa¥ wÚM}SmS wYS ÑMZ PeM~ Y} _c yS} AxM} wMYS¥ rdv ZMö c}M~ Y}a AciÌ XjSvS ÅM@} {SMv PjMv vSa, PcSva ySc© yS Å@`ö zS~ ~SeM~ A~Md }SMdS¥

_cZ zSMy, |dv ZØM}Aj cvi, rdva PcSva XjSvS XMhvS Å@ yS ÅM@} PcSva XwA}Ahr y©yÑS} cvM~ fSyMY P|MZS vS¥ {v AtMZ cvMr sSMcS, ÉS{Aéc XsñmS wA}íS} ÑMZ |SMy¥

Å@ jSvS} y©SwS}mS PyÅ `AiMZ, wA}cOvS {SAxc c}M~ zS~ ÑZ¥ cH zSMy PÉmS c}My? cMZcmS y©SwS} Anc cM} vSa¥

1) <Ar É£SMÑ rÌA{ c’mS Å@ yS _iM<Åv AÅdMr hSa?
2) PÉ`A~ cdv, cH zSMy AÅdMy: ÜÌ~, cM~j yS cSMj} jSZeSZ |SaZS} wMs/AovSM}} YMe/cMr AeMZ/Xv© É{Z
3) c’Atv Xå} A}AzÅv PtMy: É£SMÑ _c Atv/{SMÉ _c Atv/PcSva PmMò} YMe/yiM} _c Atv

ZØM}Aj wtwA}hZ (wSmñÉ Xy Aèh)

_Z ySc©Am Ptd:
A good student works hard at her books and she enjoys learning-

_Z ySc©AmMr AyAz7 ÅM@} wtwA}hZ:
a : article
good : adjective
student : noun
works : verb
hard : adverb
at : preposition
and : conjunction
she : pronoun
learning : gerund

Noun ÉDMcñ cMZcAm csS:

_Z ySc©Am Ptd: An artist loves beauty.

artist _cAm noun. _Am countable noun, XsSñà _c, tÁZ, Arv cM} _} ÉØd©S PeSvS |SZ¥ rSZ _} ydyhv ÑZ— artists.

beauty Ñ~ uncountable noun. XsSñà, _Mc  PeSvS |SZ vS¥

artist Ñ~ ySc©Am} rsS AçZSwtAm} (loves) subject, cS}q cSjmS Pc cM}, PÉmSZ _Z Å@Am AtMZ y~ S ÑMö¥ Y} AçZS} c{ñ XsSñà object Ñ~ beauty.

Verb ÉDMcñ cMZcAm csS:

Infinitive (to go)      present participle (going)        past participle (gone)

Go (go, went, gone) : irregular verb.

Live (live, lived, lived) : regular verb.

Go : intransitive verb, cS}q _Z AçZSwtAm} PcSva object t}cS} ÑZ vS¥ P|{v, Has mira gone?

Make: transitive verb, cS}q _Z AçZSwtAm} object t}cS}¥

ÅM@} env ÉDMcñ cMZcAm csS:

_cZ {Û~ (root) PsMc KrA} ÑaZS Å@`öMc y~S hM~ Å@-wA}yS} (word family)¥ P|{v, word, wordy, to reword.

prefix _yØ suffix:
irregularity Å@Am Ptd¥

ir Ñ~ prefix, regular Ñ~ ÅM@} {Û~ (root), Y} ity Ñ~ suffix.

synonym _yØ antonym

Fat Ñ~ thin-_} Ayw}HrSsñc Å@ (antonym), plump Ñ~ fat-_} É{Ssñc Å@ (synonym)

phrase Ñ~ _{v ySc©SØÅ, |S} {Mu© PcSva É{SAwcS AçZS PvZ¥ P|{v, in a word.

clause Ñ~ _{v ySc©SØÅ, |S} {Mu© _cAm É{SAwcS AçZS YMi¥ P|{v, if you ask me

sentence yS ySMc© Xår _cAm É{SAwcS AçZS sScMr ÑZ¥ ySc© cT ÑZ yY ÑSMr} Xê} AtMZ, PÅÇ ÑZ xÌ~òw AtMZ¥

\ôS}q ÉDMcñ cMZcAm csS

_cAm Å@ \ôS}Mq} É{Z Y{}S _c yS _cSAuc )Av y©yÑS} cA}¥ )Av y~Mr _dSMv PySkSMvS ÑMö _{v \ôS}q, |SMc Y} zSgS |SZ vS¥ XsSñà _c yS _cSAuc )Av} É{~MZ _cAm ÅM@} \ôS}q KrA} ÑZ¥ _Z )AvMc y~S ÑZ AÉM~y«~ (syllable). _cAm )Av KrA} ÑZ _cAm S}yqñMc (vowel) Pc4 cM}, rS} YMe wM} AciÌ y©bvyqñ (consonant) sSMc¥ P|{v, minimum Å@AmMr ArvAm AÉM~y«~ YMi: mi, ni _yØ mum. _cAm ÅM@} \ôS}Mq} É{Z ÉSuS}qr PcSva _cAm AÉM~y«~-_} aw} PjS} yS PkS<cmS wMY¥  Å@AmMr P|{v PkS<c wMY <s{ AÉM~y«~ XsSñà -_} aw}¥

Y} _cmS Å@ AhMv }SMdS: Onomatopoeia. _} {SMv _{v Å@, |S PcSva _cAm )Av} AzA§Mr KrA} ÑMZMi¥ P|{v, moo AcØyS buzz. ySØ~SMra _{v Å@ YMi¥ P|{v, cYcY, kvkv¥ _`M~SMc yA~ )v©Sßc Å@¥

Å@ a rS} XvÚÇò

<sM{ ArvMm Å@ yA~¥ <s{mS Ñ~ P}AjòS} (Register)¥ _cmS AyMÅÇ ÉS{SAjc wA}AôAr yS wA}{¢M~ PcSv zAòMr yS KÅ~HMr csS y~S yS P~dS \Ahr, P}AjòS} y~Mr PÉmSZ PySkSMvS ÑZ¥ P|{v, à©SØ (slang) Ñ~ Xr©å YmMwRM} _cmS P}AjòS}, dÚy PhvSjSvS, ÉSuS}qr É{yZÉH {SvÚMÇ} {Mu©Z à©SØ y©yÑS} c}S |SZ¥

cM~SAcZS~ (Colloquial) {SMv _{v zSÇS, |S <uSvr cMsSwcsMv y©yÑS} c}S |SZ, YvÚïSAvc yåOrSZ yS P~dSZ vZ¥ P|{v, He’s a nice guy. PwSÅSAc zSÇMq yS P~dSZ guy vS A~Md boy yS person P~dSZ AyMuZ¥

PwMjSM}Amz (Pejorative): _cAm Å@ Av2SÉÛhc XMsñ y©yÑS} c}S¥ P|{v, Pig-headed. _} {SMv Ñ~ _c`<MZ yS PeS<ZS}¥ YyS} Xv© _cAm Å@ Ptd: determined. _} Å@er Xsñ (tÈ\<Ara yS Xv{vHZ) Pig-headed-_} cSiScSAi¥ Ac1 _Am PwMjSM}Amz vZ¥

PcSM~SMcÅv (Collocation): AciÌ Å@ Éh}Sh} _cÉMò y©y_r ÑZ¥ P|{v, torrential rain, auburn hair. _Z y©yÑS}McZ yM~ PcSM~SMcÅv¥

(h~My)

W~SAÑYH Z\vSZMmoaZSQñ ÜÌ~ Xy AyjMvÉ-_ cA{\AvMcÅv AÜ~-_} AÅêc
iAy: ÉÚ{v PhRuÚA}